Z1n (.z1n) ransomware virus – removal and decryption options
Written by Tomas Meskauskas on (updated)
What kind of malware is Z1n?
Our researchers found the Z1n ransomware during a routine inspection of new file submissions to the VirusTotal platform. Z1n is part of the Dharma ransomware family. This malicious program encrypts data and demands ransoms for its decryption.
On our testing system, this ransomware encrypted files and altered their filenames. Initial titles were appended with a unique ID assigned to the victim, the attackers' email address, and a ".z1n" extension. For example, a file named "1.jpg" appeared as "1.jpg.id-9ECFA84E.[zohodzin@tuta.io].z1n".
After this process was completed, Z1n created ransom notes in a pop-up window and a text file titled "read.txt". The latter was dropped onto the desktop and into all encrypted directories.
Screenshot of files encrypted by Z1n ransomware:
Ransom note overview
Z1n ransomware's text file merely informs the victim that their data has been locked. It encourages to contact the attackers for recovery.
The message in the pop-up provides more information regarding the ransomware infection. It clarifies that the inaccessible files have been encrypted. This note does not outright state that decryption will necessitate paying a ransom, but it is implied.
As a recovery guarantee, the message offers a free decryption test, which may be performed on three files that do not exceed 5MB in size or include important/critical data. The victim is also extensively warned against seeking the aid of third-parties (intermediaries) and against modifying the affected files.
Z1n ransomware overview
Z1n is part of the Dharma ransomware family. Programs within this group avoid rendering the infected device nonoperational by not encrypting critical system files.
Additionally, Dharma gathers geolocation data that may be used to determine whether it is worth continuing with the encryption post-infiltration (e.g., not encrypting machines located in economically weak regions, those in countries with aligning political/geopolitical ideologies, etc.).
After infiltrating a system, these ransomware-type programs disable the firewall. They establish persistence by using two mechanisms – i.e., copying the malware to the %LOCALAPPDATA% path and registering it with specific Run keys, as well as automatically starting following each system reboot.
Dharma programs encrypt both local and network-shared files. Processes associated with opened files (e.g., database programs, text file readers, etc.) are terminated in order to prevent encryption exemptions due to the files being considered "in use".
These programs avoid double-encryption by following an exclusion list for data locked by other ransomware; however, this process is not faultless since it does not include all infections of this kind. Dharma removes a recovery option by deleting the Volume Shadow Copies.
We have analyzed and researched thousands of ransomware infections, and this experience allows us to infer that decryption is usually impossible without the attackers' interference. The rare exceptions are cases involving severely flawed ransomware.
What is more, victims often do not receive the decryption keys/tools – despite meeting the ransom demands. Therefore, we strongly advise against it, as file recovery is not guaranteed, and paying also supports this criminal activity.
While removing ransomware from the operating system will prevent the program from further encryptions – removal will not restore already compromised data. The only solution is to recover the files from a backup (if one was made beforehand and is stored elsewhere).
The general advice for ensuring data safety is to keep backups in multiple different locations, such as unplugged storage devices, remote servers, and others.
Ransomware examples
BackMyData, LAPSUS$ (ZZART3XX), JerryRansom, Wing, and Ldhy are merely some examples of ransomware-type programs we have investigated recently. Malware within this classification works practically the same throughout.
However, these programs have two significant differences between them. Ransomware can use different cryptographic algorithms (symmetric or asymmetric) to encrypt files. Additionally, ransoms can vary drastically depending on the intended victim – i.e., home user vs. large entity.
How did ransomware infect my computer?
Ransomware belonging to the Dharma group, such as Z1n, often infiltrate systems through vulnerable RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) services. These attacks tend to involve brute-force and dictionary attacks. However, other infiltration and proliferation techniques are not unlikely.
Generally, malware is spread using phishing and social engineering tactics. Malicious software is usually presented as or bundled with regular content.
Virulent files can be archives (ZIP, RAR, etc.), executables (.exe, .run, etc.), documents (Microsoft Office, Microsoft OneNote, PDF, etc.), JavaScript, and so on. Once opened, an infectious file triggers the malware download/installation process.
Widespread distribution methods include: drive-by (stealthy and deceptive) downloads, malicious attachments or links in spam emails/messages, online scams, malvertising, untrustworthy download sources (e.g., freeware and third-party sites, Peer-to-Peer sharing networks, etc.), illegal software activation tools ("cracks"), and fake updates.
Furthermore, some malicious programs can self-proliferate via local networks and removable storage devices (e.g., external hard drives, USB flash drives, etc.).
| Name | Z1n virus |
| Threat Type | Ransomware, Crypto Virus, Files locker |
| Encrypted Files Extension | .z1n (files are also appended with a unique ID and the cyber criminals' email) |
| Ransom Demanding Message | Text presented in the pop-up window and read.txt |
| Free Decryptor Available? | No |
| Cyber Criminal Contact | zohodzin@tuta.io, zohodzin@cock.li |
| Detection Names | Avast (Win32:RansomX-gen [Ransom]), Combo Cleaner (Trojan.Ransom.Crysis.E), ESET-NOD32 (A Variant Of Win32/Filecoder.Crysis.P), Kaspersky (Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Crusis.to), Microsoft (Ransom:Win32/Wadhrama!pz), Full List Of Detections (VirusTotal) |
| Symptoms | Cannot open files stored on your computer, previously functional files now have a different extension (for example, my.docx.locked). A ransom demand message is displayed on your desktop. Cyber criminals demand payment of a ransom (usually in bitcoins) to unlock your files. |
| Distribution methods | Infected email attachments (macros), torrent websites, malicious ads. |
| Damage | All files are encrypted and cannot be opened without paying a ransom. Additional password-stealing trojans and malware infections can be installed together with a ransomware infection. |
| Malware Removal (Windows) | To eliminate possible malware infections, scan your computer with legitimate antivirus software. Our security researchers recommend using Combo Cleaner. |
How to protect yourself from ransomware infections?
Caution is key to computer safety. We recommend implementing strong credential management practices. It is essential to be vigilant when browsing since fake and malicious online content usually appears genuine and innocuous. Treat incoming emails/messages with care, and do not open attachments or links found in dubious/irrelevant mail.
We advise downloading only from official and verified channels. Additionally, all programs must be activated and updated using functions/tools provided by legitimate developers, as those acquired from third-parties can contain malware.
We must emphasize the importance of having a reputable anti-virus installed and kept up-to-date. Security software must be used to run regular system scans and to remove threats/issues. If your computer is already infected with Z1n, we recommend running a scan with Combo Cleaner Antivirus for Windows to automatically eliminate this ransomware.
Screenshot of Z1n ransomware's pop-up window:
Text presented in this pop-up:
All your files have been encrypted!
Don't worry, you can return all your files!
If you want to restore them, write to the mail: zohodzin@tuta.io YOUR ID -
If you have not answered by mail within 12 hours, write to us by another mail:zohodzin@cock.li
We strongly recommend that you do not use the services of intermediaries and first check the prices and conditions directly with us.
The use of intermediaries may involve risks such as:
-Overcharging: Intermediaries may charge inflated prices, resulting in improper additional costs to you.
-Unjustified debit: There is a risk that your money may be stolen by intermediaries for personal use and they may claim that we did it.
-Rejection of the transaction and termination of communication: Intermediaries may refuse to cooperate for personal reasons, which may result in termination of communication and make it difficult to resolve issues.
We understand that data loss can be a critical issue, and we are proud to provide you with encrypted data recovery services. We strive to provide you with the highest level of confidence in our abilities and offer the following guarantees:
---Recovery demo: We provide the ability to decrypt up to three files up to 5 MB in size on a demo basis.
Please note that these files should not contain important and critical data.
Demo recovery is intended to demonstrate our skills and capabilities.
---Guaranteed Quality: We promise that when we undertake your data recovery, we will work with the utmost professionalism and attention to detail to ensure the best possible results.
We use advanced technology and techniques to maximize the likelihood of a successful recovery.
---Transparent communication: Our team is always available to answer your questions and provide you with up-to-date information about the data recovery process.
We appreciate your participation and feedback.
Attention!
Do not rename encrypted files.
Do not try to decrypt your data using third party software, it may cause permanent data loss.
Decryption of your files with the help of third parties may cause increased price (they add their fee to our) or you can become a victim of a scam.
Screenshot of Z1n ransomware's text file ("read.txt"):
Text presented in this file:
all your data has been locked us
You want to return?
Video showing how to remove Z1n ransomware using Combo Cleaner:
Z1n ransomware removal:
Instant automatic malware removal:
Manual threat removal might be a lengthy and complicated process that requires advanced IT skills. Combo Cleaner is a professional automatic malware removal tool that is recommended to get rid of malware. Download it by clicking the button below:
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Video suggesting what steps should be taken in case of a ransomware infection:
Quick menu:
- What is Z1n virus?
- STEP 1. Reporting ransomware to authorities.
- STEP 2. Isolating the infected device.
- STEP 3. Identifying the ransomware infection.
- STEP 4. Searching for ransomware decryption tools.
- STEP 5. Restoring files with data recovery tools.
- STEP 6. Creating data backups.
If you are a victim of a ransomware attack we recommend reporting this incident to authorities. By providing information to law enforcement agencies you will help track cybercrime and potentially assist in the prosecution of the attackers. Here's a list of authorities where you should report a ransomware attack. For the complete list of local cybersecurity centers and information on why you should report ransomware attacks, read this article.
List of local authorities where ransomware attacks should be reported (choose one depending on your residence address):
USA - Internet Crime Complaint Centre IC3
United Kingdom - Action Fraud
Spain - Policía Nacional
France - Ministère de l'Intérieur
Germany - Polizei
Italy - Polizia di Stato
The Netherlands - Politie
Poland - Policja
Portugal - Polícia Judiciária
Isolating the infected device:
Some ransomware-type infections are designed to encrypt files within external storage devices, infect them, and even spread throughout the entire local network. For this reason, it is very important to isolate the infected device (computer) as soon as possible.
Step 1: Disconnect from the internet.
The easiest way to disconnect a computer from the internet is to unplug the Ethernet cable from the motherboard, however, some devices are connected via a wireless network and for some users (especially those who are not particularly tech-savvy), disconnecting cables may seem troublesome. Therefore, you can also disconnect the system manually via Control Panel:
Navigate to the "Control Panel", click the search bar in the upper-right corner of the screen, enter "Network and Sharing Center" and select search result: 
Click the "Change adapter settings" option in the upper-left corner of the window: 
Right-click on each connection point and select "Disable". Once disabled, the system will no longer be connected to the internet. To re-enable the connection points, simply right-click again and select "Enable". 
Step 2: Unplug all storage devices.
As mentioned above, ransomware might encrypt data and infiltrate all storage devices that are connected to the computer. For this reason, all external storage devices (flash drives, portable hard drives, etc.) should be disconnected immediately, however, we strongly advise you to eject each device before disconnecting to prevent data corruption:
Navigate to "My Computer", right-click on each connected device, and select "Eject": 
Step 3: Log-out of cloud storage accounts.
Some ransomware-type might be able to hijack software that handles data stored within "the Cloud". Therefore, the data could be corrupted/encrypted. For this reason, you should log-out of all cloud storage accounts within browsers and other related software. You should also consider temporarily uninstalling the cloud-management software until the infection is completely removed.
Identify the ransomware infection:
To properly handle an infection, one must first identify it. Some ransomware infections use ransom-demand messages as an introduction (see the WALDO ransomware text file below).
This, however, is rare. In most cases, ransomware infections deliver more direct messages simply stating that data is encrypted and that victims must pay some sort of ransom. Note that ransomware-type infections typically generate messages with different file names (for example, "_readme.txt", "READ-ME.txt", "DECRYPTION_INSTRUCTIONS.txt", "DECRYPT_FILES.html", etc.). Therefore, using the name of a ransom message may seem like a good way to identify the infection. The problem is that most of these names are generic and some infections use the same names, even though the delivered messages are different and the infections themselves are unrelated. Therefore, using the message filename alone can be ineffective and even lead to permanent data loss (for example, by attempting to decrypt data using tools designed for different ransomware infections, users are likely to end up permanently damaging files and decryption will no longer be possible even with the correct tool).
Another way to identify a ransomware infection is to check the file extension, which is appended to each encrypted file. Ransomware infections are often named by the extensions they append (see files encrypted by Qewe ransomware below).
This method is only effective, however, when the appended extension is unique - many ransomware infections append a generic extension (for example, ".encrypted", ".enc", ".crypted", ".locked", etc.). In these cases, identifying ransomware by its appended extension becomes impossible.
One of the easiest and quickest ways to identify a ransomware infection is to use the ID Ransomware website. This service supports most existing ransomware infections. Victims simply upload a ransom message and/or one encrypted file (we advise you to upload both if possible).
The ransomware will be identified within seconds and you will be provided with various details, such as the name of the malware family to which the infection belongs, whether it is decryptable, and so on.
Example 1 (Qewe [Stop/Djvu] ransomware):
Example 2 (.iso [Phobos] ransomware):
If your data happens to be encrypted by ransomware that is not supported by ID Ransomware, you can always try searching the internet by using certain keywords (for example, a ransom message title, file extension, provided contact emails, crypto wallet addresses, etc.).
Search for ransomware decryption tools:
Encryption algorithms used by most ransomware-type infections are extremely sophisticated and, if the encryption is performed properly, only the developer is capable of restoring data. This is because decryption requires a specific key, which is generated during the encryption. Restoring data without the key is impossible. In most cases, cybercriminals store keys on a remote server, rather than using the infected machine as a host. Dharma (CrySis), Phobos, and other families of high-end ransomware infections are virtually flawless, and thus restoring data encrypted without the developers' involvement is simply impossible. Despite this, there are dozens of ransomware-type infections that are poorly developed and contain a number of flaws (for example, the use of identical encryption/decryption keys for each victim, keys stored locally, etc.). Therefore, always check for available decryption tools for any ransomware that infiltrates your computer.
Finding the correct decryption tool on the internet can be very frustrating. For this reason, we recommend that you use the No More Ransom Project and this is where identifying the ransomware infection is useful. The No More Ransom Project website contains a "Decryption Tools" section with a search bar. Enter the name of the identified ransomware, and all available decryptors (if there are any) will be listed.
Restore files with data recovery tools:
Depending on the situation (quality of ransomware infection, type of encryption algorithm used, etc.), restoring data with certain third-party tools might be possible. Therefore, we advise you to use the Recuva tool developed by CCleaner. This tool supports over a thousand data types (graphics, video, audio, documents, etc.) and it is very intuitive (little knowledge is necessary to recover data). In addition, the recovery feature is completely free.
Step 1: Perform a scan.
Run the Recuva application and follow the wizard. You will be prompted with several windows allowing you to choose what file types to look for, which locations should be scanned, etc. All you need to do is select the options you're looking for and start the scan. We advise you to enable the "Deep Scan" before starting, otherwise, the application's scanning capabilities will be restricted.
Wait for Recuva to complete the scan. The scanning duration depends on the volume of files (both in quantity and size) that you are scanning (for example, several hundred gigabytes could take over an hour to scan). Therefore, be patient during the scanning process. We also advise against modifying or deleting existing files, since this might interfere with the scan. If you add additional data (for example, downloading files/content) while scanning, this will prolong the process:
Step 2: Recover data.
Once the process is complete, select the folders/files you wish to restore and simply click "Recover". Note that some free space on your storage drive is necessary to restore data:
Create data backups:
Proper file management and creating backups is essential for data security. Therefore, always be very careful and think ahead.
Partition management: We recommend that you store your data in multiple partitions and avoid storing important files within the partition that contains the entire operating system. If you fall into a situation whereby you cannot boot the system and are forced to format the disk on which the operating system is installed (in most cases, this is where malware infections hide), you will lose all data stored within that drive. This is the advantage of having multiple partitions: if you have the entire storage device assigned to a single partition, you will be forced to delete everything, however, creating multiple partitions and allocating the data properly allows you to prevent such problems. You can easily format a single partition without affecting the others - therefore, one will be cleaned and the others will remain untouched, and your data will be saved. Managing partitions is quite simple and you can find all the necessary information on Microsoft's documentation web page.
Data backups: One of the most reliable backup methods is to use an external storage device and keep it unplugged. Copy your data to an external hard drive, flash (thumb) drive, SSD, HDD, or any other storage device, unplug it and store it in a dry place away from the sun and extreme temperatures. This method is, however, quite inefficient, since data backups and updates need to be made regularly. You can also use a cloud service or remote server. Here, an internet connection is required and there is always the chance of a security breach, although it's a really rare occasion.
We recommend using Microsoft OneDrive for backing up your files. OneDrive lets you store your personal files and data in the cloud, sync files across computers and mobile devices, allowing you to access and edit your files from all of your Windows devices. OneDrive lets you save, share and preview files, access download history, move, delete, and rename files, as well as create new folders, and much more.
You can back up your most important folders and files on your PC (your Desktop, Documents, and Pictures folders). Some of OneDrive’s more notable features include file versioning, which keeps older versions of files for up to 30 days. OneDrive features a recycling bin in which all of your deleted files are stored for a limited time. Deleted files are not counted as part of the user’s allocation.
The service is built using HTML5 technologies and allows you to upload files up to 300 MB via drag and drop into the web browser or up to 10 GB via the OneDrive desktop application. With OneDrive, you can download entire folders as a single ZIP file with up to 10,000 files, although it can’t exceed 15 GB per single download.
OneDrive comes with 5 GB of free storage out of the box, with an additional 100 GB, 1 TB, and 6 TB storage options available for a subscription-based fee. You can get one of these storage plans by either purchasing additional storage separately or with Office 365 subscription.
Creating a data backup:
The backup process is the same for all file types and folders. Here’s how you can back up your files using Microsoft OneDrive
Step 1: Choose the files/folders you want to backup.
Click the OneDrive cloud icon to open the OneDrive menu. While in this menu, you can customize your file backup settings.
Click Help & Settings and then select Settings from the drop-down menu.
Go to the Backup tab and click Manage backup.
In this menu, you can choose to backup the Desktop and all of the files on it, and Documents and Pictures folders, again, with all of the files in them. Click Start backup.
Now, when you add a file or folder in the Desktop and Documents and Pictures folders, they will be automatically backed up on OneDrive.
To add folders and files, not in the locations shown above, you have to add them manually.
Open File Explorer and navigate to the location of the folder/file you want to backup. Select the item, right-click it, and click Copy.
Then, navigate to OneDrive, right-click anywhere in the window and click Paste. Alternatively, you can just drag and drop a file into OneDrive. OneDrive will automatically create a backup of the folder/file.
All of the files added to the OneDrive folder are backed up in the cloud automatically. The green circle with the checkmark in it indicates that the file is available both locally and on OneDrive and that the file version is the same on both. The blue cloud icon indicates that the file has not been synced and is available only on OneDrive. The sync icon indicates that the file is currently syncing.
To access files only located on OneDrive online, go to the Help & Settings drop-down menu and select View online.
Step 2: Restore corrupted files.
OneDrive makes sure that the files stay in sync, so the version of the file on the computer is the same version on the cloud. However, if ransomware has encrypted your files, you can take advantage of OneDrive’s Version history feature that will allow you to restore the file versions prior to encryption.
Microsoft 365 has a ransomware detection feature that notifies you when your OneDrive files have been attacked and guide you through the process of restoring your files. It must be noted, however, that if you don’t have a paid Microsoft 365 subscription, you only get one detection and file recovery for free.
If your OneDrive files get deleted, corrupted, or infected by malware, you can restore your entire OneDrive to a previous state. Here’s how you can restore your entire OneDrive:
1. If you're signed in with a personal account, click the Settings cog at the top of the page. Then, click Options and select Restore your OneDrive.
If you're signed in with a work or school account, click the Settings cog at the top of the page. Then, click Restore your OneDrive.
2. On the Restore your OneDrive page, select a date from the drop-down list. Note that if you're restoring your files after automatic ransomware detection, a restore date will be selected for you.
3. After configuring all of the file restoration options, click Restore to undo all the activities you selected.
The best way to avoid damage from ransomware infections is to maintain regular up-to-date backups.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
How was my computer hacked and how did hackers encrypt my files?
Z1n is part of the Dharma ransomware family. Programs from this group typically infiltrate devices via vulnerable RDP services, and these infections tend to involve brute-force and dictionary attacks.
In general, it is often the case that victims themselves open ransomware executables, as they are commonly disguised as ordinary program/media files. Ransomware is predominantly proliferated via drive-by downloads, dubious download sources (e.g., freeware and free file-hosting sites, P2P sharing networks, etc.), spam emails, malvertising, online scams, illegal software activation ("cracking") tools, and fake updaters.
How to open ".z1n" files?
Continued file usage requires decryption. In other words, encrypted files can neither be opened nor otherwise used – unless they are decrypted.
Where should I look for free decryption tools for Z1n ransomware?
If you have experienced a ransomware infection, we recommend looking up the No More Ransom project website (more information above).
I can pay you a lot of money, can you decrypt files for me?
We do not provide decryption services. Aside from cases involving deeply flawed ransomware, recovering encrypted files is usually impossible without the cyber criminals' interference. Therefore, third-parties offering paid decryption are often scams or aim to act as middlemen between victims and criminals.
Will Combo Cleaner help me remove Z1n ransomware?
Yes, Combo Cleaner will scan your system and eliminate active ransomware infections. Keep in mind that while using an anti-virus is the first step in ransomware recovery – security programs are incapable of decrypting data.
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