Rakhni (.neitrino) ransomware virus – removal and decryption options

What is Rakhni?

Rakhni is high-risk trojan/ransomware distributed using spam emails. Users receive an email letter containing a message (in Russian) encouraging them to open an attached .PDF document, which is presented as an "act of reconciliation". This is deceptive - in fact, the attachment is a malicious executable written in the Delphi programming language.

Once opened, this executable downloads and installs Rakhni malware. Research shows that most infected machines are located in Russia - unsurprising, due to the Russian email text and that non Russian-speaking users are likely to delete these emails without opening attachments.

Screenshot of files encrypted by Rakhni ransomware:

Rakhni ransomware overview

Rakhni is an advanced virus. The malicious attachment performs a number of steps before infecting the system. Firstly, it displays an error message stating that the Adobe Reader plug-in is not found and, therefore, the .PDF file cannot be opened. This tricks users into believing that the attachment is simply broken, however, this is not the case.

After displaying the pop-up, the downloader checks if the operating system is running on a virtual machine. If so, the infection process is terminated immediately. If the test "passes", the downloader "decides" whether to install a cryptocurrency miner or a file encrypter.

To achieve this, the executable searches for "%AppData%\Bitcoin" and checks how many logical processors exist (the number of logical processors can be determined by multiplying the number of cores by the number of threads on each core [e.g., if you are running a dual-core processor with 2 threads per core, you will have 4 logical processors]).

If the folder does not exist and there are more than 2 logical processors, a cryptocurrency miner is installed. If one or more of these conditions is met, file-encryption malware is infiltrated. In addition, the "downloader" checks the list of running processes to determine if there are any anti-virus/anti-spyware suites running.

If not, the downloader executes a number of commands to disable Microsoft Windows Defender. Furthermore, this malicious executable sends various information (IP address, computer name, list of running processes, a screenshot, etc.) to a remote server controlled by Rakhni's developers.

Downloader creates a "%AppData%\KB[8_random_characters]" folder and drops the miner within. A VBS script is then generated and executed upon next OS boot. The script executes two commands that run two different processes to mine Monero (XMR) and Monero Original (XMO) cryptocurrencies.

If the aforementioned folder contains an executable called "svchost.exe", it will also be executed to mine the Dashcoin cryptocurrency. Note that "svchost.exe" is actually a genuine process of the Windows operating system, however, cyber criminals use this name to disguise cryptominers. 

The presence of cryptomining malware can be very frustrating. The mining process may take up to 100% of system resources. Therefore, the system becomes unstable and might crash, possibly leading to permanent data loss. Furthermore, hardware running at its maximum capacity generates great heat.

Therefore, within the certain circumstances (bad cooling systems, high room temperatures, etc.), computer components might overheat. Victims receive nothing in return - all revenue goes to cyber criminals. Therefore, these viruses must be eliminated immediately.

Rakhni's encrypter is completely different. This virus is designed to encrypt most stored data using RSA-1024 cryptography. In doing so, this malware appends filenames with an extension such as ".neitrino" (e.g., "sample.jpg" is renamed to "sample.jpg.neitrino").

Compromised data immediately becomes unusable. Once encryption is complete, Rakhni generates a text file ("MESSAGE.txt") and places a copy in each existing folder. The text file also contains a Russian message stating that data is encrypted and that victims must pay for decryption. To achieve this, victims must contact Rakhni's developers via an email address provided.

As mentioned above, Rakhni uses RSA-1024 - an asymmetric encryption algorithm that generates public (encryption) and private (decryption) keys for each victim. Decryption without the private key is impossible and cyber criminals hide all keys on a remote server and make ransom demands for their release.

The cost is not specified - all details are supposedly provided via email, however, in most cases ransomware developers demand $500-1500 in Bitcoins or another cryptocurrency. Regardless of the cost, do not pay. Research shows that cyber criminals often ignore victims, once payments are submitted. Paying gives no positive result and you will be scammed.

You are strongly advised to ignore all requests to contact these people or pay any ransoms. Unfortunately, there are no tools capable of cracking RSA encryption and restoring data free of charge, however, some variants of Rakhni ransomware are not flawless and, thus, can be decrypted with Kaspersky's RakhniDecryptor. If that does not work, the only possible solution is to restore everything from a backup.

Ransomware examples

Although Rakhni is complex malware, it ca be compared to a number of other ransomware-type viruses, such as RaRansomware, KyMERA, ANIMUS, and many others. Research shows that although these viruses are developed by different cyber criminals, their behavior is identical - all encrypt data and make ransom demands.

There are just two major differences: 1) size of ransom, and; 2) type of encryption algorithm used. Unfortunately, these viruses are likely to use algorithms that generate unique decryption keys. Therefore, unless the virus is not fully developed or has certain bugs/flaws (i.e., the key is stored locally, it is hard-coded or similar), decrypting data manually is impossible.

Ransomware presents a strong case for maintaining regular data backups, however, it is very important to store them on an unplugged storage device or remote server, otherwise backups are encrypted together with regular data.

How did ransomware infect my computer?

As mentioned above, Rakhni is proliferated using spam emails with an attachment - a malicious executable disguised as a .PDF document. Cyber criminals generate emails with convincing messages to trick users into opening malicious attachments.

This method is very common amongst ransomware developers, however, these viruses are also often proliferated using P2P networks (torrents, eMule, etc.), unofficial software download sources (freeware download websites, free file hosting sites, and so on), fake software updaters, and trojans. P2P networks and other third party download sources present malicious executables as legitimate software.

Therefore, users are tricked into downloading and installing viruses. Fake software updaters infect the system by exploiting outdated software bugs/flaws or simply downloading and installing malware rather than updates. Trojans are essentially designed to cause chain infections - they open backdoors for other viruses to infiltrate the system.

In a way, Rakhni operates as a trojan (the downloader infiltrates the system and injects other malware). Ultimately, the main reasons for computer infections are the lack of knowledge and careless behavior of many users.

Threat Summary:

Name	Rakhni virus
Threat Type	Ransomware, Crypto Virus, Files locker
Encrypted Files Extension	.neitrino
Ransom Demanding Message	MESSAGE.txt
Free Decryptor Available?	Partial (more information below)
Symptoms	Can't open files stored on your computer, previously functional files now have a different extension, for example my.docx.locked. A ransom demanding message is displayed on your desktop. Cyber criminals are asking to pay a ransom (usually in bitcoins) to unlock your files.
Distribution methods	Infected email attachments (macros), torrent websites, malicious ads.
Damage	All files are encrypted and cannot be opened without paying a ransom. Additional password stealing trojans and malware infections can be installed together with a ransomware infection.
Malware Removal (Windows)	To eliminate possible malware infections, scan your computer with legitimate antivirus software. Our security researchers recommend using Combo Cleaner. ▼ Download Combo Cleaner To use full-featured product, you have to purchase a license for Combo Cleaner. 7 days free trial available. Combo Cleaner is owned and operated by Rcs Lt, the parent company of PCRisk.com read more.

How to protect yourself from ransomware infections?

The key to computer safety is caution. Therefore, pay close attention when browsing the Internet and downloading/updating/installing software. Carefully analyze each email attachment. Files that seem irrelevant and have been received from suspicious email addresses should not be opened.

Furthermore, download your programs from official sources only (via direct download links) rather than using third party downloaders/installers. These tools are used to proliferate rogue apps, and thus should never be used. The same rule should be followed when updating software.

Keep installed programs up-to-date, however, this should be achieved through implemented functions or tools provided by the official developer only.

Having a legitimate anti-virus/anti-spyware suite installed and running is also paramount. If your computer is already infected with Rakhni, we recommend running a scan with Combo Cleaner Antivirus for Windows to automatically eliminate this ransomware.

Screenshot of Rakhni ransomware's text file ("MESSAGE.txt"):

Text presented in this message:

запросить стоимости: Приобрести
В ТЕМЕ писыма укажите ваш ID: письма без указания ID
Убедитепьная просьба не пытаться расшифровать Вы можете их окончатепьно испортить и даже оригинапьный декриптор не поможет.
заявки обрабатываются автоматической системой.

List of data types targeted by Rakhni ransomware:

.1cd; .7z; .abd; .abk; .accdb; .accdc; .adp; .afp; .ai; .as4; .asd; .ashbak; .bac; .backup; .bak; .bck; .bdb; .bfa; .bk1; .bkc; .bkf; .bkp; .bmp; .boe; .bpa; .bpd; .bpk; .bsk; .bup; .cdr; .cer; .cf; .cfn; .cmb; .crt; .csr; .csv; .dbc; .dbf; .dbt; .dbx; .der; .djvu; .doc; .docm; .docx; .dot; .dt; .dwf; .dwg; .dws; .dxe; .dxl; .ebb; .ebd; .ebn; .edb; .efb; .efn; .egg; .eis; .emd; .eml; .emr; .enc; .end; .eog; .epf; .eps; .eql; .erb; .erf; .fb; .fb2; .fbf; .fbw; .fc2; .fcz; .fg; .fh; .fp3; .ful; .gho; .htm; .html; .ipd; .iso; .jbc; .jif; .jiff; .jpe; .jpeg; .jpf; .jpg; .kdb; .kdbx; .key; .kwm; .ldf; .lgp; .md; .mdb; .mdf; .mht; .msf; .msg; .mxl; .nb7; .nba; .nbd; .nbf; .nbi; .nbu; .nco; .oab; .oeb; .old; .ost; .oxps; .p7; .p7b; .p7c; .pab; .pcx; .pdf; .pem; .pfx; .ply; .png; .pov; .ppsx; .ppt; .pptx; .prefab; .psb; .psd; .pst; .pwm; .qic; .rar; .raw; .repx; .rev; .rtf; .rzk; .rzx; .sec; .sef; .sgn; .shy; .sn1; .sn2; .sna; .snk; .spi; .sql; .sqlite; .sqlite3; .sqlitedb; .stg; .stl; .tbb; .tbk; .tbn; .tib; .tif; .tiff; .txt; .uci; .win; .wor; .xbk; .xcf; .xls; .xlsm; .xlsx; .xof; .zip; .zipx; .

Screenshot of spam email distributing Rakhni downloader disguised as a .PDF document:

Screenshot of Kaspersky RakhniDecryptor compatible with some Rakhni variants (download here):

Rakhni ransomware removal:

Instant automatic malware removal: Manual threat removal might be a lengthy and complicated process that requires advanced IT skills. Combo Cleaner is a professional automatic malware removal tool that is recommended to get rid of malware. Download it by clicking the button below:
▼ DOWNLOAD Combo Cleaner By downloading any software listed on this website you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. To use full-featured product, you have to purchase a license for Combo Cleaner. 7 days free trial available. Combo Cleaner is owned and operated by Rcs Lt, the parent company of PCRisk.com read more.

Video suggesting what steps should be taken in case of a ransomware infection:

Quick menu:

• What is Rakhni virus?
• STEP 1. Reporting ransomware to authorities.
• STEP 2. Isolating the infected device.
• STEP 3. Identifying the ransomware infection.
• STEP 4. Searching for ransomware decryption tools.
• STEP 5. Restoring files with data recovery tools.
• STEP 6. Creating data backups.

Reporting ransomware to authorities:

If you are a victim of a ransomware attack we recommend reporting this incident to authorities. By providing information to law enforcement agencies you will help track cybercrime and potentially assist in the prosecution of the attackers. Here's a list of authorities where you should report a ransomware attack. For the complete list of local cybersecurity centers and information on why you should report ransomware attacks, read this article.

List of local authorities where ransomware attacks should be reported (choose one depending on your residence address):

•  USA - Internet Crime Complaint Centre IC3
•  United Kingdom - Action Fraud
•  Spain - Policía Nacional
•  France - Ministère de l'Intérieur
•  Germany - Polizei
•  Italy - Polizia di Stato
•  The Netherlands - Politie
•  Poland - Policja
•  Portugal - Polícia Judiciária

Isolating the infected device:

Some ransomware-type infections are designed to encrypt files within external storage devices, infect them, and even spread throughout the entire local network. For this reason, it is very important to isolate the infected device (computer) as soon as possible.

Step 1: Disconnect from the internet.

The easiest way to disconnect a computer from the internet is to unplug the Ethernet cable from the motherboard, however, some devices are connected via a wireless network and for some users (especially those who are not particularly tech-savvy), disconnecting cables may seem troublesome. Therefore, you can also disconnect the system manually via Control Panel:

Navigate to the "Control Panel", click the search bar in the upper-right corner of the screen, enter "Network and Sharing Center" and select search result:

Click the "Change adapter settings" option in the upper-left corner of the window:

Right-click on each connection point and select "Disable". Once disabled, the system will no longer be connected to the internet. To re-enable the connection points, simply right-click again and select "Enable".

Step 2: Unplug all storage devices.

As mentioned above, ransomware might encrypt data and infiltrate all storage devices that are connected to the computer. For this reason, all external storage devices (flash drives, portable hard drives, etc.) should be disconnected immediately, however, we strongly advise you to eject each device before disconnecting to prevent data corruption:

Navigate to "My Computer", right-click on each connected device, and select "Eject":

Step 3: Log-out of cloud storage accounts.

Some ransomware-type might be able to hijack software that handles data stored within "the Cloud". Therefore, the data could be corrupted/encrypted. For this reason, you should log-out of all cloud storage accounts within browsers and other related software. You should also consider temporarily uninstalling the cloud-management software until the infection is completely removed.

Identify the ransomware infection:

To properly handle an infection, one must first identify it. Some ransomware infections use ransom-demand messages as an introduction (see the WALDO ransomware text file below).

This, however, is rare. In most cases, ransomware infections deliver more direct messages simply stating that data is encrypted and that victims must pay some sort of ransom. Note that ransomware-type infections typically generate messages with different file names (for example, "_readme.txt", "READ-ME.txt", "DECRYPTION_INSTRUCTIONS.txt", "DECRYPT_FILES.html", etc.). Therefore, using the name of a ransom message may seem like a good way to identify the infection. The problem is that most of these names are generic and some infections use the same names, even though the delivered messages are different and the infections themselves are unrelated. Therefore, using the message filename alone can be ineffective and even lead to permanent data loss (for example, by attempting to decrypt data using tools designed for different ransomware infections, users are likely to end up permanently damaging files and decryption will no longer be possible even with the correct tool).

Another way to identify a ransomware infection is to check the file extension, which is appended to each encrypted file. Ransomware infections are often named by the extensions they append (see files encrypted by Qewe ransomware below).

This method is only effective, however, when the appended extension is unique - many ransomware infections append a generic extension (for example, ".encrypted", ".enc", ".crypted", ".locked", etc.). In these cases, identifying ransomware by its appended extension becomes impossible.

One of the easiest and quickest ways to identify a ransomware infection is to use the ID Ransomware website. This service supports most existing ransomware infections. Victims simply upload a ransom message and/or one encrypted file (we advise you to upload both if possible).

The ransomware will be identified within seconds and you will be provided with various details, such as the name of the malware family to which the infection belongs, whether it is decryptable, and so on.

Example 1 (Qewe [Stop/Djvu] ransomware):

Example 2 (.iso [Phobos] ransomware):

If your data happens to be encrypted by ransomware that is not supported by ID Ransomware, you can always try searching the internet by using certain keywords (for example, a ransom message title, file extension, provided contact emails, crypto wallet addresses, etc.).

Search for ransomware decryption tools:

Encryption algorithms used by most ransomware-type infections are extremely sophisticated and, if the encryption is performed properly, only the developer is capable of restoring data. This is because decryption requires a specific key, which is generated during the encryption. Restoring data without the key is impossible. In most cases, cybercriminals store keys on a remote server, rather than using the infected machine as a host. Dharma (CrySis), Phobos, and other families of high-end ransomware infections are virtually flawless, and thus restoring data encrypted without the developers' involvement is simply impossible. Despite this, there are dozens of ransomware-type infections that are poorly developed and contain a number of flaws (for example, the use of identical encryption/decryption keys for each victim, keys stored locally, etc.). Therefore, always check for available decryption tools for any ransomware that infiltrates your computer.

Finding the correct decryption tool on the internet can be very frustrating. For this reason, we recommend that you use the No More Ransom Project and this is where identifying the ransomware infection is useful. The No More Ransom Project website contains a "Decryption Tools" section with a search bar. Enter the name of the identified ransomware, and all available decryptors (if there are any) will be listed.

Restore files with data recovery tools:

Depending on the situation (quality of ransomware infection, type of encryption algorithm used, etc.), restoring data with certain third-party tools might be possible. Therefore, we advise you to use the Recuva tool developed by CCleaner. This tool supports over a thousand data types (graphics, video, audio, documents, etc.) and it is very intuitive (little knowledge is necessary to recover data). In addition, the recovery feature is completely free.

Step 1: Perform a scan.

Run the Recuva application and follow the wizard. You will be prompted with several windows allowing you to choose what file types to look for, which locations should be scanned, etc. All you need to do is select the options you're looking for and start the scan. We advise you to enable the "Deep Scan" before starting, otherwise, the application's scanning capabilities will be restricted.

Wait for Recuva to complete the scan. The scanning duration depends on the volume of files (both in quantity and size) that you are scanning (for example, several hundred gigabytes could take over an hour to scan). Therefore, be patient during the scanning process. We also advise against modifying or deleting existing files, since this might interfere with the scan. If you add additional data (for example, downloading files/content) while scanning, this will prolong the process:

Step 2: Recover data.

Once the process is complete, select the folders/files you wish to restore and simply click "Recover". Note that some free space on your storage drive is necessary to restore data:

Create data backups:

Proper file management and creating backups is essential for data security. Therefore, always be very careful and think ahead.

Partition management: We recommend that you store your data in multiple partitions and avoid storing important files within the partition that contains the entire operating system. If you fall into a situation whereby you cannot boot the system and are forced to format the disk on which the operating system is installed (in most cases, this is where malware infections hide), you will lose all data stored within that drive. This is the advantage of having multiple partitions: if you have the entire storage device assigned to a single partition, you will be forced to delete everything, however, creating multiple partitions and allocating the data properly allows you to prevent such problems. You can easily format a single partition without affecting the others - therefore, one will be cleaned and the others will remain untouched, and your data will be saved. Managing partitions is quite simple and you can find all the necessary information on Microsoft's documentation web page.

Data backups: One of the most reliable backup methods is to use an external storage device and keep it unplugged. Copy your data to an external hard drive, flash (thumb) drive, SSD, HDD, or any other storage device, unplug it and store it in a dry place away from the sun and extreme temperatures. This method is, however, quite inefficient, since data backups and updates need to be made regularly. You can also use a cloud service or remote server. Here, an internet connection is required and there is always the chance of a security breach, although it's a really rare occasion.

We recommend using Microsoft OneDrive for backing up your files. OneDrive lets you store your personal files and data in the cloud, sync files across computers and mobile devices, allowing you to access and edit your files from all of your Windows devices. OneDrive lets you save, share and preview files, access download history, move, delete, and rename files, as well as create new folders, and much more.

You can back up your most important folders and files on your PC (your Desktop, Documents, and Pictures folders). Some of OneDrive’s more notable features include file versioning, which keeps older versions of files for up to 30 days. OneDrive features a recycling bin in which all of your deleted files are stored for a limited time. Deleted files are not counted as part of the user’s allocation.

The service is built using HTML5 technologies and allows you to upload files up to 300 MB via drag and drop into the web browser or up to 10 GB via the OneDrive desktop application. With OneDrive, you can download entire folders as a single ZIP file with up to 10,000 files, although it can’t exceed 15 GB per single download.

OneDrive comes with 5 GB of free storage out of the box, with an additional 100 GB, 1 TB, and 6 TB storage options available for a subscription-based fee. You can get one of these storage plans by either purchasing additional storage separately or with Office 365 subscription.

Creating a data backup:

The backup process is the same for all file types and folders. Here’s how you can back up your files using Microsoft OneDrive

Step 1: Choose the files/folders you want to backup.

Click the OneDrive cloud icon to open the OneDrive menu. While in this menu, you can customize your file backup settings.

Click Help & Settings and then select Settings from the drop-down menu.

Go to the Backup tab and click Manage backup.

In this menu, you can choose to backup the Desktop and all of the files on it, and Documents and Pictures folders, again, with all of the files in them. Click Start backup.

Now, when you add a file or folder in the Desktop and Documents and Pictures folders, they will be automatically backed up on OneDrive.

To add folders and files, not in the locations shown above, you have to add them manually.

Open File Explorer and navigate to the location of the folder/file you want to backup. Select the item, right-click it, and click Copy.

Then, navigate to OneDrive, right-click anywhere in the window and click Paste. Alternatively, you can just drag and drop a file into OneDrive. OneDrive will automatically create a backup of the folder/file.

All of the files added to the OneDrive folder are backed up in the cloud automatically. The green circle with the checkmark in it indicates that the file is available both locally and on OneDrive and that the file version is the same on both. The blue cloud icon indicates that the file has not been synced and is available only on OneDrive. The sync icon indicates that the file is currently syncing.

To access files only located on OneDrive online, go to the Help & Settings drop-down menu and select View online.

Step 2: Restore corrupted files.

OneDrive makes sure that the files stay in sync, so the version of the file on the computer is the same version on the cloud. However, if ransomware has encrypted your files, you can take advantage of OneDrive’s Version history feature that will allow you to restore the file versions prior to encryption.

Microsoft 365 has a ransomware detection feature that notifies you when your OneDrive files have been attacked and guide you through the process of restoring your files. It must be noted, however, that if you don’t have a paid Microsoft 365 subscription, you only get one detection and file recovery for free.

If your OneDrive files get deleted, corrupted, or infected by malware, you can restore your entire OneDrive to a previous state. Here’s how you can restore your entire OneDrive:

1. If you're signed in with a personal account, click the Settings cog at the top of the page. Then, click Options and select Restore your OneDrive.

If you're signed in with a work or school account,  click the Settings cog at the top of the page. Then, click Restore your OneDrive.

2. On the Restore your OneDrive page, select a date from the drop-down list. Note that if you're restoring your files after automatic ransomware detection, a restore date will be selected for you.

3. After configuring all of the file restoration options, click Restore to undo all the activities you selected.

The best way to avoid damage from ransomware infections is to maintain regular up-to-date backups.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How was my computer hacked and how did hackers encrypt my files?

Victims themselves commonly open ransomware executables since these files are usually presented as ordinary content. This malware is primarily proliferated via drive-by downloads, spam (e.g., emails, PMs/DMs, social media posts, etc.), online scams, malvertising, dubious download sources (e.g., freeware and free file-hosting sites, P2P sharing networks, etc.), illegal program activation tools ("cracks"), and fake updates.

How to open ".neitrino" files?

Ransomware-encrypted files cannot be opened/used unless they are decrypted.

Where should I look for free decryption tools for Rakhni ransomware?

Some variants of Rakhni ransomware are decryptable; Kaspersky has released a decryptor for this malware (more information above). If this avenue of action is ineffective, we recommend checking out the No More Ransom project website (more information above).

I can pay you a lot of money, can you decrypt files for me?

We do not provide decryption services. In fact, aside from cases involving seriously flawed ransomware, recovering encrypted files is impossible without the attackers' interference. Therefore, third-parties offering paid decryption are often scams or middleman services between victims and criminals.

Will Combo Cleaner help me remove Rakhni ransomware?

Yes, Combo Cleaner will scan your device and eliminate detected ransomware infections. Keep in mind that while using an anti-virus program is the first step in ransomware recovery – security software is incapable of decrypting data.

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